Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the effect of static loading on stress distribution in different abutment heights, diameters, and angulations of stock and customized abutments using finite element analysis (FEA).
Methodology: This computational experimental study used three-dimensional finite element simulations from Jun to August 2025. Two implant groups of equal height were modeled: Group 1 (narrow diameter, 3.5 mm) and Group 2 (regular diameter, 5.0 mm). Sixteen abutments with varying height, diameter, and angulation (stock and customized) were included. Inclusion criteria were commercially available implant–abutment assemblies compatible with the selected implant systems. Exclusion criteria were abutments incompatible with the modeled connection design or with incomplete geometric data. A static load of axial and 30° oblique force was applied. Parametric values (stresses and deformation) were determined using ANSYS 2024 R1 based on the maximum equivalent von Mises stress (MPa) recorded at the implant fixture, abutment, and abutment screw.
Results: Stress varied by abutment design and implant diameter. Standard abutments showed the highest fixture stress (739 MPa in 3.5-mm implants), while customized abutments reduced stress by ~25–30%. 25° angled abutments increased stress by up to 41% versus 15°. Deformation did not differ significantly (p>0.05), but fixture and screw stresses were abutment-dependent (p<0.001).
Conclusion: The highest stresses occurred at the implant–abutment connection. Taller abutments increased bending moments and stress under oblique loading, while narrower components amplified stress concentration. Wider and customized abutments distributed stress more favorably, reducing the risk of mechanical failure.

Key words: Abutment heights, dental implant part, Von-mises, static load, stress pattern.