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2026, Vol: 51, Issue: 1
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Original Research 


Association of Vitamin D and Calcium levels with Hba1c in Type 2 diabetic patients: a case-control study

Muhammad Farooq, Aqsa Malik, Anoosh Qayyum, Zarrin Khaliq Chaudari, Atteaya Zaman.


Abstract
Objective: To examine the prevalence of vitamin D and calcium deficiencies and their relationship with glycemic control in type 2 diabetic patients
Methodology: This case-control study was conducted using consecutive sampling to recruit 100 type 2 diabetic patients (cases) and 100 non-diabetic individuals (controls), aged 30–65 years. Participants were matched for age and gender. Serum vitamin D and calcium levels were measured and analyzed in relation to HbA1c levels. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 27.0, with correlations evaluated through Pearson’s coefficient and statistical significance set at p<0.05.
Results: Type 2 diabetic patients had vitamin D deficiency and significantly higher HbA1c levels compared to control (8.9%±1.4 vs. 7.6%±1.2, p<0.001). A significant positive correlation between serum vitamin D and calcium levels (r = 0.68, p<0.001) was found. Both vitamin D and calcium levels inversely correlated with HbA1c levels (r = −0.55 for vitamin D; r = −0.47 for calcium; p<0.001). Vitamin D deficiency (≤20 ng/mL) was observed in 72% patients compared to 38% of controls. Hypocalcemia (<8.5 mg/dL) was prevalent in 48% of diabetic patients versus 20% of controls.
Conclusion: Routine screening for these deficiencies should be prioritized to improve glycemic outcomes.

Key words: Vitamin D, calcium, type 2 diabetes, HbA1c, glycemic control


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Farooq M, Malik A, Qayyum A, Chaudari ZK, Zaman A. Association of Vitamin D and Calcium levels with Hba1c in Type 2 diabetic patients: a case-control study. RMJ. 2026; 51(1): 16-19.

Web Style

Farooq M, Malik A, Qayyum A, Chaudari ZK, Zaman A. Association of Vitamin D and Calcium levels with Hba1c in Type 2 diabetic patients: a case-control study. https://www.rmj.org.pk/?mno=234383 [Access: February 25, 2026].

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Farooq M, Malik A, Qayyum A, Chaudari ZK, Zaman A. Association of Vitamin D and Calcium levels with Hba1c in Type 2 diabetic patients: a case-control study. RMJ. 2026; 51(1): 16-19.


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Farooq M, Malik A, Qayyum A, Chaudari ZK, Zaman A. Association of Vitamin D and Calcium levels with Hba1c in Type 2 diabetic patients: a case-control study. RMJ. (2026), [cited February 25, 2026]; 51(1): 16-19.


Harvard Style

Farooq, M., Malik, . A., Qayyum, . A., Chaudari, . Z. K. & Zaman, . A. (2026) Association of Vitamin D and Calcium levels with Hba1c in Type 2 diabetic patients: a case-control study. RMJ, 51 (1), 16-19.


Turabian Style

Farooq, Muhammad, Aqsa Malik, Anoosh Qayyum, Zarrin Khaliq Chaudari, and Atteaya Zaman. 2026. Association of Vitamin D and Calcium levels with Hba1c in Type 2 diabetic patients: a case-control study. Rawal Medical Journal, 51 (1), 16-19.


Chicago Style

Farooq, Muhammad, Aqsa Malik, Anoosh Qayyum, Zarrin Khaliq Chaudari, and Atteaya Zaman. "Association of Vitamin D and Calcium levels with Hba1c in Type 2 diabetic patients: a case-control study." Rawal Medical Journal 51 (2026), 16-19.


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Farooq, Muhammad, Aqsa Malik, Anoosh Qayyum, Zarrin Khaliq Chaudari, and Atteaya Zaman. "Association of Vitamin D and Calcium levels with Hba1c in Type 2 diabetic patients: a case-control study." Rawal Medical Journal 51.1 (2026), 16-19. Print.


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Farooq, M., Malik, . A., Qayyum, . A., Chaudari, . Z. K. & Zaman, . A. (2026) Association of Vitamin D and Calcium levels with Hba1c in Type 2 diabetic patients: a case-control study. Rawal Medical Journal, 51 (1), 16-19.


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