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2025, Vol: 50, Issue: 4
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Frequency of ocular surface diseases in thyroid patients

Muhammad Zubair Nazar, Asad Rasheed, Gulmeer, Saif Ur Rehman, Rashid Hussain.


Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the frequency of ocular surface diseases (OSD), including dry eye, blepharitis, keratitis, and conjunctivitis, in thyroid patients.
Methodology: This cross-sectional study included 120 thyroid patients aged 25–45 years. Ocular surface evaluation was performed using slit-lamp examination, fluorescein staining, and Schirmer’s test. Data were analyzed using SPSS 21.
Results: The mean age of participants was 35.36±6.4 years, with 66.7% females and 33.3% males. Dry eye was the most prevalent OSD (51.7%, n=62), followed by blepharitis (25.8%, n=31), conjunctivitis (18.3%, n=22), and keratitis (4.2%, n=5).
Conclusion: Thyroid patients exhibit a high prevalence of OSD, with dry eye being the most common. Routine ocular examinations are recommended for early detection and management.

Key words: Dry eye syndrome, blepharitis, thyroid diseases, keratitis, conjunctivitis.


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Nazar MZ, Rasheed A, Gulmeer , Rehman SU, Hussain R. Frequency of ocular surface diseases in thyroid patients. RMJ. 2025; 50(3): 638-639. doi:10.5455/rmj.20250117073328

Web Style

Nazar MZ, Rasheed A, Gulmeer , Rehman SU, Hussain R. Frequency of ocular surface diseases in thyroid patients. https://www.rmj.org.pk/?mno=238250 [Access: October 29, 2025]. doi:10.5455/rmj.20250117073328

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Nazar MZ, Rasheed A, Gulmeer , Rehman SU, Hussain R. Frequency of ocular surface diseases in thyroid patients. RMJ. 2025; 50(3): 638-639. doi:10.5455/rmj.20250117073328


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Nazar MZ, Rasheed A, Gulmeer , Rehman SU, Hussain R. Frequency of ocular surface diseases in thyroid patients. RMJ. (2025), [cited October 29, 2025]; 50(3): 638-639. doi:10.5455/rmj.20250117073328


Harvard Style

Nazar, M. Z., Rasheed, . A., Gulmeer, ., Rehman, . S. U. & Hussain, . R. (2025) Frequency of ocular surface diseases in thyroid patients. RMJ, 50 (3), 638-639. doi:10.5455/rmj.20250117073328


Turabian Style

Nazar, Muhammad Zubair, Asad Rasheed, Gulmeer, Saif Ur Rehman, and Rashid Hussain. 2025. Frequency of ocular surface diseases in thyroid patients. Rawal Medical Journal, 50 (3), 638-639. doi:10.5455/rmj.20250117073328


Chicago Style

Nazar, Muhammad Zubair, Asad Rasheed, Gulmeer, Saif Ur Rehman, and Rashid Hussain. "Frequency of ocular surface diseases in thyroid patients." Rawal Medical Journal 50 (2025), 638-639. doi:10.5455/rmj.20250117073328


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Nazar, Muhammad Zubair, Asad Rasheed, Gulmeer, Saif Ur Rehman, and Rashid Hussain. "Frequency of ocular surface diseases in thyroid patients." Rawal Medical Journal 50.3 (2025), 638-639. Print. doi:10.5455/rmj.20250117073328


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Nazar, M. Z., Rasheed, . A., Gulmeer, ., Rehman, . S. U. & Hussain, . R. (2025) Frequency of ocular surface diseases in thyroid patients. Rawal Medical Journal, 50 (3), 638-639. doi:10.5455/rmj.20250117073328


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