ISSN 0303-5212
 

Review Article 
RMJ. 2026; 51(3): 874-878


Molecular pathogenesis of oral ulcers in COVID-19 disease.

Roshan Zafar, Sarah Ghafoor.


Abstract
This review explores clinical observations and studies that underline the prevalence, along with the features of oral ulcers among patients of COVID-19. Through a detailed examination of the existing literature and ongoing research, the aim of this article was to provide a comprehensive overview of oral ulcers within the context of COVID-19, contributing to a better understanding and management of this condition in affected patients.

Key words: Oral, Covid-19, ulcers, mucosa, pathophysiology, aphthous.


 
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Pubmed Style

Zafar R, Ghafoor S. Molecular pathogenesis of oral ulcers in COVID-19 disease.. RMJ. 2026; 51(3): 874-878.


Web Style

Zafar R, Ghafoor S. Molecular pathogenesis of oral ulcers in COVID-19 disease.. https://www.rmj.org.pk/?mno=258415 [Access: August 19, 2026].


AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Zafar R, Ghafoor S. Molecular pathogenesis of oral ulcers in COVID-19 disease.. RMJ. 2026; 51(3): 874-878.



Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Zafar R, Ghafoor S. Molecular pathogenesis of oral ulcers in COVID-19 disease.. RMJ. (2026), [cited August 19, 2026]; 51(3): 874-878.



Harvard Style

Zafar, R. & Ghafoor, . S. (2026) Molecular pathogenesis of oral ulcers in COVID-19 disease.. RMJ, 51 (3), 874-878.



Turabian Style

Zafar, Roshan, and Sarah Ghafoor. 2026. Molecular pathogenesis of oral ulcers in COVID-19 disease.. Rawal Medical Journal, 51 (3), 874-878.



Chicago Style

Zafar, Roshan, and Sarah Ghafoor. "Molecular pathogenesis of oral ulcers in COVID-19 disease.." Rawal Medical Journal 51 (2026), 874-878.



MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Zafar, Roshan, and Sarah Ghafoor. "Molecular pathogenesis of oral ulcers in COVID-19 disease.." Rawal Medical Journal 51.3 (2026), 874-878. Print.



APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Zafar, R. & Ghafoor, . S. (2026) Molecular pathogenesis of oral ulcers in COVID-19 disease.. Rawal Medical Journal, 51 (3), 874-878.