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2026, Vol: 51, Issue: 3
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Original Research 


Vitamin D status and pro-inflammatory cytokine profiles in diabetic versus normoglycemic pregnant women: A comparative study

Lana Basil Khudhur, Dler Qader Galaly, Shahla Kareem Alalaf.


Abstract
Objective: To compare vitamin D status and inflammatory cytokine responses between pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and normoglycemic controls.
Methodology: This case-control study enrolled 218 pregnant women (109 GDM cases, 109 normoglycemic controls) at 24-28 weeks of gestation using consecutive sampling. Exclusion criteria included pre-existing diabetes, hypertensive disorders, multiple gestation, and recent vitamin D supplementation. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were measured via ELISA, and IL-6 and TNF-α were quantified using multiplex immunoassays. Data were analyzed using SPSS 25, employing independent t-test and chi-square test at α=0.05.
Results: Vitamin D deficiency (<20 ng/mL) was significantly more prevalent in GDM women (71.7%) than controls (45.0%) (p=0.003). Mean IL-6 (8.42±2.16 vs. 4.15±1.82 pg/mL) and TNF-α (12.37±3.28 vs. 6.94±2.41 pg/mL) levels were significantly elevated in the GDM group (p<0.001). A significant negative correlation was observed between vitamin D levels and both inflammatory cytokines (p<0.05).
Conclusion: GDM women demonstrated higher prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and elevated pro-inflammatory cytokine profiles compared to normoglycemic peers, suggesting a potential immunomodulatory link between vitamin D and gestational diabetes.

Key words: Vitamin D, TNF factor alpha, cytokines, CRP, pregnancy.


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Khudhur LB, Galaly DQ, Alalaf SK. Vitamin D status and pro-inflammatory cytokine profiles in diabetic versus normoglycemic pregnant women: A comparative study. RMJ. 2026; 51(3): 623-626. doi:10.5455/rmj.20260306094427

Web Style

Khudhur LB, Galaly DQ, Alalaf SK. Vitamin D status and pro-inflammatory cytokine profiles in diabetic versus normoglycemic pregnant women: A comparative study. https://www.rmj.org.pk/?mno=312891 [Access: August 19, 2026]. doi:10.5455/rmj.20260306094427

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Khudhur LB, Galaly DQ, Alalaf SK. Vitamin D status and pro-inflammatory cytokine profiles in diabetic versus normoglycemic pregnant women: A comparative study. RMJ. 2026; 51(3): 623-626. doi:10.5455/rmj.20260306094427


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Khudhur LB, Galaly DQ, Alalaf SK. Vitamin D status and pro-inflammatory cytokine profiles in diabetic versus normoglycemic pregnant women: A comparative study. RMJ. (2026), [cited August 19, 2026]; 51(3): 623-626. doi:10.5455/rmj.20260306094427


Harvard Style

Khudhur, L. B., Galaly, . D. Q. & Alalaf, . S. K. (2026) Vitamin D status and pro-inflammatory cytokine profiles in diabetic versus normoglycemic pregnant women: A comparative study. RMJ, 51 (3), 623-626. doi:10.5455/rmj.20260306094427


Turabian Style

Khudhur, Lana Basil, Dler Qader Galaly, and Shahla Kareem Alalaf. 2026. Vitamin D status and pro-inflammatory cytokine profiles in diabetic versus normoglycemic pregnant women: A comparative study. Rawal Medical Journal, 51 (3), 623-626. doi:10.5455/rmj.20260306094427


Chicago Style

Khudhur, Lana Basil, Dler Qader Galaly, and Shahla Kareem Alalaf. "Vitamin D status and pro-inflammatory cytokine profiles in diabetic versus normoglycemic pregnant women: A comparative study." Rawal Medical Journal 51 (2026), 623-626. doi:10.5455/rmj.20260306094427


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Khudhur, Lana Basil, Dler Qader Galaly, and Shahla Kareem Alalaf. "Vitamin D status and pro-inflammatory cytokine profiles in diabetic versus normoglycemic pregnant women: A comparative study." Rawal Medical Journal 51.3 (2026), 623-626. Print. doi:10.5455/rmj.20260306094427


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Khudhur, L. B., Galaly, . D. Q. & Alalaf, . S. K. (2026) Vitamin D status and pro-inflammatory cytokine profiles in diabetic versus normoglycemic pregnant women: A comparative study. Rawal Medical Journal, 51 (3), 623-626. doi:10.5455/rmj.20260306094427


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