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2026, Vol: 51, Issue: 1
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Original Research 


Parental oral health literacy and the effects of antiepileptic medications on the gingival status of children with cerebral palsg

Dilvan Kadhim Hussain, Ali Fakhree Alzubaidee, Vian Mohammed Hussain.


Abstract
Objective: To assess parental oral health literacy and its correlation with their children’s gingival health, with emphasis on anti-epileptic drug (AED) therapy.
Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted from June 2024 to March 2025, using consecutive non-probability sampling. Inclusion required confirmed CP, while systemic conditions affecting oral health, use of drugs causing gingival overgrowth, or incomplete records were excluded. Data included demographics, medical history, caregiver literacy, and standardized oral assessments. Descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests were applied.
Results: Out of 104 caregivers, 86.7% knew the recommended brushing frequency, only 25.8% identified fluoride as vital for caries prevention, and 70% were unaware of dietary impacts. AEDs were recognized by 43 (35.8%) as influencing oral health. Although 103 (85.8%) of children had previous dental visits, gaps in specific knowledge persisted. Multivariate analysis showed caregiver education and medication type were significant predictors of poor oral outcomes.
Conclusion: Caregivers of children with CP exhibited basic oral hygiene awareness but lack preventive knowledge. Targeted education and the incorporation of dental care into long-term CP management are essential for improving outcomes and monitoring drug-related side effects.

Key words: Cerebral palsy, anti-epileptic drug, pediatric dentistry, plaque index.


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Hussain DK, Alzubaidee AF, Hussain VM. Parental oral health literacy and the effects of antiepileptic medications on the gingival status of children with cerebral palsg. RMJ. 2026; 51(1): 168-174. doi:10.5455/rmj.20250827073049

Web Style

Hussain DK, Alzubaidee AF, Hussain VM. Parental oral health literacy and the effects of antiepileptic medications on the gingival status of children with cerebral palsg. https://www.rmj.org.pk/?mno=279991 [Access: February 25, 2026]. doi:10.5455/rmj.20250827073049

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Hussain DK, Alzubaidee AF, Hussain VM. Parental oral health literacy and the effects of antiepileptic medications on the gingival status of children with cerebral palsg. RMJ. 2026; 51(1): 168-174. doi:10.5455/rmj.20250827073049


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Hussain DK, Alzubaidee AF, Hussain VM. Parental oral health literacy and the effects of antiepileptic medications on the gingival status of children with cerebral palsg. RMJ. (2026), [cited February 25, 2026]; 51(1): 168-174. doi:10.5455/rmj.20250827073049


Harvard Style

Hussain, D. K., Alzubaidee, . A. F. & Hussain, . V. M. (2026) Parental oral health literacy and the effects of antiepileptic medications on the gingival status of children with cerebral palsg. RMJ, 51 (1), 168-174. doi:10.5455/rmj.20250827073049


Turabian Style

Hussain, Dilvan Kadhim, Ali Fakhree Alzubaidee, and Vian Mohammed Hussain. 2026. Parental oral health literacy and the effects of antiepileptic medications on the gingival status of children with cerebral palsg. Rawal Medical Journal, 51 (1), 168-174. doi:10.5455/rmj.20250827073049


Chicago Style

Hussain, Dilvan Kadhim, Ali Fakhree Alzubaidee, and Vian Mohammed Hussain. "Parental oral health literacy and the effects of antiepileptic medications on the gingival status of children with cerebral palsg." Rawal Medical Journal 51 (2026), 168-174. doi:10.5455/rmj.20250827073049


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Hussain, Dilvan Kadhim, Ali Fakhree Alzubaidee, and Vian Mohammed Hussain. "Parental oral health literacy and the effects of antiepileptic medications on the gingival status of children with cerebral palsg." Rawal Medical Journal 51.1 (2026), 168-174. Print. doi:10.5455/rmj.20250827073049


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Hussain, D. K., Alzubaidee, . A. F. & Hussain, . V. M. (2026) Parental oral health literacy and the effects of antiepileptic medications on the gingival status of children with cerebral palsg. Rawal Medical Journal, 51 (1), 168-174. doi:10.5455/rmj.20250827073049


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