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2025, Vol: 50, Issue: 4
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Original Research 


Uncaria gambir Roxb (Bajakah) Effects on tumor growth, apoptosis, inflammation, and angiogenesis of DMBA-Induced mammary carcinoma in rat: An immunohistochemistry study

Prabudi Prabudi, Nia Kania, Eko Suhartono, Didik Dwi Sanyoto.


Abstract
Objective: To investigate the antitumor effects of U. gambir extract on 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary carcinoma in Wistar rats.
Methodology: This experimental study included 30 female rats divided in five groups receiving different U. gambir extracts at 200mg/kg, 600mg/kg, 1000mg/kg body weight (BW), and positive control (capecitabine 65mg/kg BW). Apoptosis, inflammation, and angiogenesis induction were assessed by immunohistochemistry, and quantifying biomarkers caspase-3, NF-KB, and VEGFR-2 expressions using the Histoscore method. Statistical analyses included one-way ANOVA (tumor volume) with Bonferroni posthoc and chi-square tests for biomarker expression.
Results: The 600 mg/kg BW U. gambir group exhibited significant tumor growth inhibition (p<0.01). A trend toward increased caspase-3 and NF-KB expression was observed in the 600 mg/kg group and 200mg/kg group respectively, although it did not achieve statistical significance (p>0.05). VEGFR-2 expression is no different compared to the control group.
Conclusions: These findings suggest that U. gambir extracts have antitumor activity by decreasing tumor volume. However, further research is essential to define the mechanistic pathways and identify active components.

Key words: Breast cancer, U.gambir, tumor growth, Caspase-3, NF-KB, VEGFR2.


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Prabudi P, Kania N, Suhartono E, Sanyoto DD. Uncaria gambir Roxb (Bajakah) Effects on tumor growth, apoptosis, inflammation, and angiogenesis of DMBA-Induced mammary carcinoma in rat: An immunohistochemistry study. RMJ. 2025; 50(3): 762-765. doi:10.5455/rmj.20250503044259

Web Style

Prabudi P, Kania N, Suhartono E, Sanyoto DD. Uncaria gambir Roxb (Bajakah) Effects on tumor growth, apoptosis, inflammation, and angiogenesis of DMBA-Induced mammary carcinoma in rat: An immunohistochemistry study. https://www.rmj.org.pk/?mno=255855 [Access: October 30, 2025]. doi:10.5455/rmj.20250503044259

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Prabudi P, Kania N, Suhartono E, Sanyoto DD. Uncaria gambir Roxb (Bajakah) Effects on tumor growth, apoptosis, inflammation, and angiogenesis of DMBA-Induced mammary carcinoma in rat: An immunohistochemistry study. RMJ. 2025; 50(3): 762-765. doi:10.5455/rmj.20250503044259


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Prabudi P, Kania N, Suhartono E, Sanyoto DD. Uncaria gambir Roxb (Bajakah) Effects on tumor growth, apoptosis, inflammation, and angiogenesis of DMBA-Induced mammary carcinoma in rat: An immunohistochemistry study. RMJ. (2025), [cited October 30, 2025]; 50(3): 762-765. doi:10.5455/rmj.20250503044259


Harvard Style

Prabudi, P., Kania, . N., Suhartono, . E. & Sanyoto, . D. D. (2025) Uncaria gambir Roxb (Bajakah) Effects on tumor growth, apoptosis, inflammation, and angiogenesis of DMBA-Induced mammary carcinoma in rat: An immunohistochemistry study. RMJ, 50 (3), 762-765. doi:10.5455/rmj.20250503044259


Turabian Style

Prabudi, Prabudi, Nia Kania, Eko Suhartono, and Didik Dwi Sanyoto. 2025. Uncaria gambir Roxb (Bajakah) Effects on tumor growth, apoptosis, inflammation, and angiogenesis of DMBA-Induced mammary carcinoma in rat: An immunohistochemistry study. Rawal Medical Journal, 50 (3), 762-765. doi:10.5455/rmj.20250503044259


Chicago Style

Prabudi, Prabudi, Nia Kania, Eko Suhartono, and Didik Dwi Sanyoto. "Uncaria gambir Roxb (Bajakah) Effects on tumor growth, apoptosis, inflammation, and angiogenesis of DMBA-Induced mammary carcinoma in rat: An immunohistochemistry study." Rawal Medical Journal 50 (2025), 762-765. doi:10.5455/rmj.20250503044259


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Prabudi, Prabudi, Nia Kania, Eko Suhartono, and Didik Dwi Sanyoto. "Uncaria gambir Roxb (Bajakah) Effects on tumor growth, apoptosis, inflammation, and angiogenesis of DMBA-Induced mammary carcinoma in rat: An immunohistochemistry study." Rawal Medical Journal 50.3 (2025), 762-765. Print. doi:10.5455/rmj.20250503044259


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Prabudi, P., Kania, . N., Suhartono, . E. & Sanyoto, . D. D. (2025) Uncaria gambir Roxb (Bajakah) Effects on tumor growth, apoptosis, inflammation, and angiogenesis of DMBA-Induced mammary carcinoma in rat: An immunohistochemistry study. Rawal Medical Journal, 50 (3), 762-765. doi:10.5455/rmj.20250503044259


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