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Original Research 
RMJ. 2026; 51(2): 400-403


Level of comfort and factors related to impaired comfort in chronic kidney disease patients undergoing hemodialysis in Punjab, Pakistan

Sobia Iqbal, Samina Kausar, Mansoor Ghani, Noor Ul Haq, Rashida Kanwal, Riffat Yasmeen.


Abstract
Objective: To evaluate comfort levels among chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients undergoing hemodialysis and discern associations with socio-demographic variables.
Methodology: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in tertiary care hospitals of Lahore, Sahiwal, Multan, Faisalabad, and Rawalpindi from December 2022 to May 2023. A total of 382 CKD patients undergoing hemodialysis were selected through simple random sampling (lottery method). Data were collected by patient interviews, employing a structured clinical and socio-demographical proforma along with an adapted and modified General Comfort Questionnaire (GCQ). Data were analyzed using SPSS 25, and a multiple linear regression model was applied to assess the combined effect of demographic variables on comfort level.
Results: We found that 85.1% patients reported impaired comfort, 14.1% had low comfort, and only 0.8% had excellent comfort. The regression model was statistically significant (R² = 0.22, p<0.001). Marital status (β = –0.215, p<0.001), monthly household income (β = 0.175, p=0.001), and commute duration (β = –0.304, p<0.001) were significant predictors of comfort. Other variables including age, gender, education, religion, employment status, and transport type were not significant.
Conclusion: These findings emphasize the importance of understanding factors affecting comfort among CKD patients undergoing hemodialysis, suggesting the need for education initiatives, psychosocial care, financial support, and transport assistance to enhance patient care and health-related quality of life and mitigate comfort-related risks.

Key words: Chronic kidney diseases, renal replacement therapy, hemodialysis, comfort, impaired comfort, health related quality of life.


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Iqbal S, Kausar S, Ghani M, Haq NU, Kanwal R, Yasmeen R. Level of comfort and factors related to impaired comfort in chronic kidney disease patients undergoing hemodialysis in Punjab, Pakistan. RMJ. 2026; 51(2): 400-403.

Web Style

Iqbal S, Kausar S, Ghani M, Haq NU, Kanwal R, Yasmeen R. Level of comfort and factors related to impaired comfort in chronic kidney disease patients undergoing hemodialysis in Punjab, Pakistan. https://www.rmj.org.pk/?mno=265802 [Access: June 08, 2026].

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Iqbal S, Kausar S, Ghani M, Haq NU, Kanwal R, Yasmeen R. Level of comfort and factors related to impaired comfort in chronic kidney disease patients undergoing hemodialysis in Punjab, Pakistan. RMJ. 2026; 51(2): 400-403.


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Iqbal S, Kausar S, Ghani M, Haq NU, Kanwal R, Yasmeen R. Level of comfort and factors related to impaired comfort in chronic kidney disease patients undergoing hemodialysis in Punjab, Pakistan. RMJ. (2026), [cited June 08, 2026]; 51(2): 400-403.


Harvard Style

Iqbal, S., Kausar, . S., Ghani, . M., Haq, . N. U., Kanwal, . R. & Yasmeen, . R. (2026) Level of comfort and factors related to impaired comfort in chronic kidney disease patients undergoing hemodialysis in Punjab, Pakistan. RMJ, 51 (2), 400-403.


Turabian Style

Iqbal, Sobia, Samina Kausar, Mansoor Ghani, Noor Ul Haq, Rashida Kanwal, and Riffat Yasmeen. 2026. Level of comfort and factors related to impaired comfort in chronic kidney disease patients undergoing hemodialysis in Punjab, Pakistan. Rawal Medical Journal, 51 (2), 400-403.


Chicago Style

Iqbal, Sobia, Samina Kausar, Mansoor Ghani, Noor Ul Haq, Rashida Kanwal, and Riffat Yasmeen. "Level of comfort and factors related to impaired comfort in chronic kidney disease patients undergoing hemodialysis in Punjab, Pakistan." Rawal Medical Journal 51 (2026), 400-403.


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Iqbal, Sobia, Samina Kausar, Mansoor Ghani, Noor Ul Haq, Rashida Kanwal, and Riffat Yasmeen. "Level of comfort and factors related to impaired comfort in chronic kidney disease patients undergoing hemodialysis in Punjab, Pakistan." Rawal Medical Journal 51.2 (2026), 400-403. Print.


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Iqbal, S., Kausar, . S., Ghani, . M., Haq, . N. U., Kanwal, . R. & Yasmeen, . R. (2026) Level of comfort and factors related to impaired comfort in chronic kidney disease patients undergoing hemodialysis in Punjab, Pakistan. Rawal Medical Journal, 51 (2), 400-403.


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